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Kvensk grammatikk is a comprehensive presentation of the structure of the Kven language, a Baltic-Finnic minority language in Norway. The grammar has been reviewed and approved by Kvensk språkting, the decision-making body for the school norm of Kven. The book was first published in Kven, and Kvensk grammatikk is a somewhat revised version, translated into Norwegian. The book describes the sound system and orthography in Kven. It contains a detailed syntactic-semantic analysis of adposition usage and of the conjunction and subjunction system in the language, and describes the adverb types found in Kven based on their semantic function. The pronouns system as well is thoroughly described in the grammar. The syntax part is based on an ontological-semantic analysis of the verbs. The basic idea is that the verbs of the same ontological-semantic category have the same valency structure; that is, the actual semantic relationships are reflected in the sentence structure. The result is a description of frequent sentence types in the language, what kind of complements they take, and what case the complements have. The morphology part takes care of nominal and verbal inflection, and all of the inflectional categories are described in detail. Their usage is illustrated with example sentences. All linguistic phenomena treated in this grammar are richly illustrated with examples. For some linguistic phenomena, two or three different dialectal variants may occur. The grammar takes into account this dialectic variation in Kven.

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Every region of India is and has been multilingual, with speakers of different languages and speakers of multiple languages. But literary 'multilingual locals' are often more fragmented than we think. While multilingualism suggests interest, and proficiency, in more than one literary language and tradition, very real barriers exist in terms of written vs. oral access, mutual interaction, and social and cultural hierarchies and exclusions. What does it mean to take multilingualism seriously when studying literature? One way, this essay suggests, is to consider works on a similar topic or milieu written in the different languages and compare both their literary sensibilities and their social imaginings. Rural Awadh offers an excellent example, as the site of many intersecting processes and discourses-of shared Hindu-Muslim sociality and culture and Muslim separatism, of nostalgia for a sophisticated culture and critique of zamindari exploitation and socio-economic backwardness, as the home of Urdu and of rustic Awadhi. This essay analyses three novels written at different times about rural Awadh-one set before 1947 and the others in the wake of the Zamindari Abolition Act of 1950 and the migration of so many Muslim zamindars from Awadh, either to Pakistan or to Indian cities. The first is Qazi Abdul Sattar's Urdu novel Shab gazida (1962), the other two are Shivaprasad Singh's Alag alag vaitarani (1970) and the Awadh subplot in Vikram Seth's A Suitable Boy (1993). Without making them representatives of their respective languages, by comparing these three novels I am interested in exploring how they frame and what they select of Awadh culture, how much ground and sensibility they share, and how they fit within broader traditions of 'village writing' in Hindi, Urdu, and Indian English.

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English language --- English language

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Ce livre se présente au premier chef comme la grammaire d'un ouvrage, ayyuha al-walad de Gazali (m. 505/1111), choisi pour deux raisons : par le genre littéraire dont il relève, celui du "conseil" (nasiha), il cite fréquemment Coran et hadith, qui relèvent de l'arabe préclassique ; par sa place dans la chronologie, il annonce bien des évolutions que l'on attribue ordinairement à l'arabe moderne. Il permet ainsi de réintroduire une dose de diachronie dans la description de l'arabe dit "classique". En second lieu, il croise la grammaire arabe traditionnelle et la linguistique moderne. De la première, il reprend les dimensions distributionnelle et transformationnelle, mais néglige la dimension flexionnelle, souvent présentée comme centrale. L'emprunt le plus important à la seconde est celui des concepts de phrase liée, phrase segmentée et phrases coordonnées, dus au linguiste suisse Charles Bally. C'est ce croisement qui explique la division de l'ouvrage en trois parties : les phrases simples, qui peuvent être liées (phrase verbale) ou segmentées (phrase nominale et phrase existentielle); les phrases complexes, où une phrase est toujours imbriquée dans une autre, mais qui sont liées, si l'imbrication se fait directement ou au moyen d'un opérateur, ou segmentées, si elle se fait au moyen d'une anaphore (ou par coréférence); les complexes de phrases qui désignent tout ensemble de deux phrases dans la relation sémantique de thème à propos et qui sont toujours ou segmentés ou coordonnés.

Arabic language --- Arabic language

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Subiya language. --- Subiya language.